Whats in Your Water - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 503 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category Health Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Risk Essay Did you like this example? After pulling data from the National Drinking Water database my findings are based off the location of Glen Burnie, Annapolis, MD and the water supplier being broad neck who currently severed 249,600 people and the test data was recorded from: 2004-2007.From my area there were few contaminants that are listed that exceeded health or legal guidelines and one that did not contaminate. I chose to give a detailed description of the following containments: Combined Radium (-226 -228) and Chloroform. Radium is a harmfulcomponenttypically found around uranium deposits. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Whats in Your Water?" essay for you Create order Radium in water may represent a peril to human wellbeing when the water is utilized for drinking or cooking. Just a little bit of ingested radium is retained from the stomach then conveyed all through the body. Consumed radium carries on also to calcium and is kept in the tissues of the body, particularly bone. Any radiation got remotely through showering, washing, or different uses is not a peril since alpha particles dont go through your skin. Presentation of abnormal amounts of radium additionally has demonstrated an expanded frequency of bone, liver and bosom growth. Chloroform is a disinfection byproduct from the trihalomethane (THM) family, and is molded when chlorine, chloramines or other antiseptics combine with inorganic and organic matter in water. Chloroform can enter your body on the off chance that you inhale air, eat sustenance, or use water that comprises chloroform. Chloroform effortlessly finds itself in someone body via the skin. In this manner, chloroform may likewise enter your body if you clean up or bath in water comprising chloroform. Also, an individual can take in chloroform if the bath water is sufficiently warm for chloroform to vanish. A portion of the chloroform that arrives in one body escapes unaltered noticeable all around that you inhale out, while some chloroform in the body is separated into different chemicals. As per the EPA, at presentcontrolledstages in drinking water, chloroform denotes no known or expected risk to health.(Chloroform: A Profile in Risk Management | Water Quality and Health Council, n.d.) In conclusion there is always going to be risk in everything that we consume and I have faith that the EPA is doing the best they can and unless something bad happinen in my area I believe that the government will do the best to keep the public informed. I also understand that ignorance of what is going on could harm ones family drastically and I will use countermeasure like better water filters and possibly heating up the water to try and kill some of the pesticides that may have made it through the filtering process. To assist not just my family maybe we can post the finding monthly in a newsletter to keep the community informed of whats going on in our community. References ATSDR Public Health Statement: Radium. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/phs/phs.asp?id=789tid=154 Chloroform: A Profile in Risk Management | Water Quality and Health Council. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.waterandhealth.org/chloroform-profile-risk-management/

Importance of Grandmothers in the Evolution Perspectives - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3658 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Anthropology Essay Type Research paper Level High school Tags: Evolution Essay Did you like this example? Pieces of evidence have evolved that the grandmothers were very crucial in the history of human evolution. They assisted their species to evolve social skills and have a long life. For centuries, anthropologist and evolutionary researchers have struggled to bring the idea and explain the existences of the menopause stage, a human life stage that is not shared with the primate relatives. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Importance of Grandmothers in the Evolution Perspectives" essay for you Create order The researcher asks themselves why it would be necessary for the female being stopped being able to bear children with some decades left to live. According to the article; Proceeding of the royal society. It is suggested that the grandmothering stage was the first stages that make society who we are. The article explains that the menopause stage underappreciated the evolutionary value of the grandmothers (D. van Bodegom, 2010). Grandmothering assists the society and the community at large to develop a whole spectrum of social capacity that is the foundation of the for the evolution of other differentiated human behaviors which include, bigger mental brains, pair bonding, learning new skills and the tendency of for corporation with other people of the society. The research was conducted by a mathematical biologist where he was using a computer in compiling the simulation to provide a statistical evidence in the grandmothers hypothesis. To assess the strength of the ideas, the resea rcher simulated what would then happen to the lifespan of a hypothetical species primate if they introduced grandmother and menopause as part of SS structure in the system. In the evolutionary theory, the grandmother was influential in the society as they would help in the collection of the food to feed the children before they reach the age of feeding themselves. Assuming that the grandmothers were not there and a mother has given birth and had other young children, the chances of them surviving was less because unlike the other primate, human s are not able to feed themselves and take care of themselves after the period of weaning. The parent must devote themselves, their time and attention to the new baby at the expenses of the older children. But the presence a grandmother can resolve this problem by stepping in and acting as a supplementary caregiver to the children. The researcher has the extent of offering grandmother care and do not always specify the circumstances under whi ch it occurs. Its frequency and the arrangement of parents can alongside the grandparent care and make it hard to make a clear picture (Gray, 2013). The grandmother plays an eminent function in providing children care and offering support employment more so for the low earning families. From research, the grandparent was the main child care arrangement for thirty-five percent of the families selected where the women were either studying or working when the children are of some months old, apart from all other types of care but very few grandmothers offers full-time care and management. Most of those who provide for the care do so for about or fewer hours a week. Grandmother care can take many kinds, from occasionally bedsitting through regular assist with child care to being the sole or major provider of childcare while parents work or living with the kids in a multi-generational home. The grandmothers may also care for the children whose parent are unwilling or unable to take care of the kids, either as kingship care where the organization is made by the social services. Then the stage of grandmother involvement is larger for mothers who return to work earlier before their young kids attain six months of age and more so in single-parent families. The grandmother is likely to offer support when the grandchildren are the first-born or where mothers are younger, and the mothers work on part-time basis. There are some elements that children are receiving informal childcare in their first several years of life have a good vocabulary but do less well literally and numerous tests and are likely to be overweight and have a raised level of hyper activity and some peer difficulties. Although in some cases the relationship only gets to the children from the more privileged home. From his research, he suggested that the few number of ancestral females who were in the first able to live postmenopausal ages raised the chances of their grandchildren surviving. As a result, the longer-lived female was not proportionally likely to pass their genes that would favor the longevity and hence over the course of hundreds of generations, the generation of the species as a whole evolved longer lifespans (Robert Boyd, 2014). Grandmother continues offering support in children arrangement when the child starts school and specifically during holiday times. In some cases, the parental separation, most of the kids continue to experience a close relationship with their maternal grandmother but the relationship with the paternal grandparent is weakened, this is from an Australian research that should help that nearly seven lost contact completely. The researcher goes a step further and argues that the social relations that go together with grandmothering concept could have attributed to a bigger brains and behaviors that differentiate human being. For example, if you are a gorilla or a chimpanzee and your mother is only concerned with you, the researcher li kens the scenario with a human baby who your mother has other children and she is worrying about and that only means that there are choices on her which never existed on the other ape creatures, she gets more concerned about her. The suggested that grandmothering gave us the kinds of upbringing that made the children more dependent on themselves and get prone to engage other individuals attention. The trends above drives to an increase in the brain size along with the longer human lifespan. The closeness to the grandmother is associated with better grandchild behavior adjustment. However, the effects of the continued contact with the grandmother are likely to depend on the type of the relationship between the grandparent and the mother with care. In the early 1980s, Kristen and James spent time in their society study with Hadza who was hunters and gathers. The socialized with them and notices that the oldest women in the society spend their time collecting tubers and food for their grandchildren. In their theory, they suggested that the human being evolves to live so long for the reason that the grandmothers lived with them around and offered in helping the young children (Hawkes, 2013). In the early years in the society, the theory suggests that the older women gathered food for their offsprings kids. By doing so, they were freeing up their daughter to have more kids for continuity of the society. Evolutionally fit the grandmothers had most kids to whom they passed on their longevity promoting genes. In many studies, positive effects of presences of grandmothers on the well-being of the children. For example it was observed that in country like Tanzania, the grandmothers appears to enhance the nutritional welfare of the grandchildren by assisting their children in provision of foods from the kid, in Gambia the maternal grandmothers usually double the survival chances of their children by taking care of the children and finally in Ethiopia the grandmo thers has a positive influence on the child survival through relieving their children from heavy domestic work. A positive environment has been formed in the due to the presence of a grandmother, and the children well-being have been found in our modern society. In the eighteen and nineteenth century in Canada and Finland was associated with less mortality among their grandchildren. The importance of this effects depended however on the age of the grandmother and the children. The ability to take care of the children is based on the role of the grandmothers hold the demands these functions and resources they provide. The more grandchildren an older individuals have more opportunities, and they have the caregivers although the opportunity of giving they have provided become a caregiver despite that the opportunity of giving for a specific child may decrease (Konner, 2013). In the evolution perspective, on the social, economic resources the grandparent who had a higher social, econ omic status in the society, they had more resources that allow them to keep close contacts with the kids without the issue of core siding. For those who had higher income they allowed the parent to provide the financial support to the children for the cost of the child care they offered support on the children in the community who were on the following categories; firstly on the parent who had more children, secondly, the parent who had fewer minor children of their own and thirdly, the parent and children who were not in a paid labor force. For the grandmother who was employed, they had less time, and this suggests that they subsidize their children instead of providing care directly. For the teenagers raised by the grandmother, the normative development task of the adolescent are accompanied by a different organization and organization. The way the arrangement was viewed by the adolescent had impacts on the personal narratives they constructed in their lives. The grandmother was r aising the kids often were finding themselves deviating not only in the normal development tasks of the adolescence but also raising the teens in who might engage in risk-taking behaviors and they might struggles in being raised by the grandparents caregiver arrangements. The grandmother caregiving is a vital component of the families supports in the larger contexts of the generational relationships. The grandmother and children relationship was partially contingent in their roles in the life spheres. For example, the parenthood, marriage and the forced labor participation (Parmel, 2009). The willingness and availability of the grandparent, as well as the preferences and needs and the children, change over the life and the course of the primary determinant and the extent of caregiving provided by the grandmothers. In that context, the individual experience role based relationship as an organization of resources and demand that entails of money, time, attention and skills. The cul tural norms that downplay and emphasize the role of the grandmothers affects the type and level of involvements. The assessment of day-specific chances of preventing the sexual behavior show fertility may reduce in women starting just or immediately after the mid-twenties. In the industrial society, the women in the age of forties have few babies, a sequences that link among modern foragers. Almost all the births that take place are before the period of forty-five years. The ages of the old are often known in captivity and are known more rarely in the wild. While comparing the age of menopause is a very difficult since it menopauses very difficult to document in a human being in the book. In a well fed and nourished normal population menopause to the women ranged widely from the early forties and fifties of age with about half of the women not using hormones is roughly fifty-one. From the sample of other countries, they suggest that there might be presences of some variation amon g a different human population. The characteristics of grandmothers that make them fit in the society include the following; Firstly, willingness to listen, right grandmothers should know how to listen. The virtue of being there to listen to the grandchildren stories and advice that encourage their enthusiasm which is a gift to give to the children. Secondly, empathy; the successful grandparent learn how to see and observe the world through their children eye. This is the privilege of being a grandmother, and they get to interact with their grandchildren and live a life for a little while with their sense of period and their capability of wonders. Thirdly, is the unconditional love, to the grandmother is a rock- solid foundation of love to the children in the family and the society at large. The grandchildren need to know the fact that no matter what might be going in their lives and the disappointment they may face and encounter in school, outside the school and or over the w orld, they are always safe and bounded by love in their grandmothers house. Fourthly, generosity; the most successful grandparent tend to be generous to their children and the society. They buy gifts and presents such as toys, offering financial generosity. They also offer their time, hospitality and advice to the children. Fifthly, detachment; and this means that the grandmothers know how to maintain a healthy distance without necessarily meddling the children views. For example, even the time the children are not doing something right, in the normal way or they opt to follow a different tradition; they best grandmothers should know a way of letting things be and allow them to chart their courses as the parent. Another one is the presence, being a grandmother is not necessarily about buying the present, gifts, taking the kids on special vacations or even hosting then a dinner, apart from the fun things, your presence to the children is the most gracious offer. The kids get to learn many things just for the grandmother being with them. For example, watching how you wash utensil, how you prepare a meal, listening to your songs among others. The grandmothers seeing their multiple generations is an important channel for the children to learn and get educated on how to live. The grandmothers have helped in developing tremendous and romantic relations; researchers have for long predicted that the evolution of larger brains might be what caused by human being to live longer than the apes. The grandmothers help played an essential role in playing human life history, in precisely the longevity of human in the evolution concept. The interested of the evolutionary biologist in the grandmother originated on the senescence of evolution. This research aimed at getting the explanation for the existence of a prompt reduction in the reproduction system. In the research, it was suggested that the prolonged need for the care of children started and the evolutionary developme nt in which the termination of the female fertility shifted to the younger kids. It was suggested that the species had a considerable dependency of offspring on the care of the parent. The characteristic of social history and life institution that distinguish human from other primate evolved due to the increase of reliance on hunting big animal prey that gave a net advantage for bigger brains. The above are have the following features; firstly, the care needs that interfered with maternal hunting, so the grandmother relied on the provisions from the hunting mate. This helped from father allowed the mother to produce more surviving kids. Secondly, the parent formed a lasting bond and nuclear family become important levels of a corporation in which a sexual division of work served as the family objectives of reproduction and production. Thirdly, the mechanism of bipedal movement limited width of pelvic, so brain expansion created a dilemma requirement more brain growth to be postna tal (Meyer, 2014). As a results, the children with increasing brains were immature longer and are more dependent for a longer time on maternal care. Fourthly, bipedalism was favored because it freed hands for the use of tools which have increased the success in at hunting the animals and get a premium on larger brains. Lastly, the drying conditions in the late tertiary constricted forest making the capacities to use alternatives foods merits between the ancestral apes. According to the aging theory, it is explained that people grow older, fewer fertility remains and hence perpetual survival contribute less reproductive fitness. More so successful reproduction often involves generation as the transfer as well as fertility in women. For the species of the optimal quantity investment tradeoff of children, only the transfer affects the shape of the mortality hence explaining post productive survival and the reason why mortality in children is decrease with age. The theory also explai ns that the evolution of longer life, lower fertility and increased investment in offspring. The evolutionary theory of aging explains that the as health and function reduces. The individual age and their survival contribute to less reproductive fitness because of the reason their lifetime fertility remains. Consequently, the natural resource selection act more weakly to reduce mortality at the older ages. Despite the fact that this theory has dominated, the evolution of aging has focused on fertility of women alone. Turning to the children mortality when there is a parental investment, contrast the death of a baby just after the baby fledges. The classical theory predicts of equal selection against kids mortality of ages. The death would lead to freeing of the parental resources for a larger investment in existing of reproduction fitness. In some species, the post-reproductive female makes an essential contribution to their offspring either through direct parental care or grandm other care. This contribution continues after birth. Majorly sex is what mainly provides care to the children that tend to have a higher life expectancy. In evolution perspectives, the grandparents acted as the National Guard or a watch dog of the society. They offered security to the people, animals, and their property against theft and destruction from their neighbors. Their main aim was to ensure that peace existed in the community. The grandmothers played a significant role in arbitration, where they would bring together two conflicting groups. This ensured that people, relative and the children of the community lived together and embraced peace and love. This promoted peaceful co-existences people in the community. The grandmother also acted as stress buffer; this is where the grandmother would assemble the grand children especially in the evening, teach them folk songs and offer advice. This would relieve the stress that the children would be going through. The grandmoth er acted as valued elder where they were regarded as people of integrity, serving as a source of love and equality to all. The grandparent would teach the children on how to make instruments of wars, treating some diseases, herding of animal, preparation of food, cleaning, and farming techniques. They were people of high moral values and acted as a role model and a mentor to the children in the society. The grandmother conveyed the family legacy and culture to other generations in the society (Peter C. Kj? ¦rgaard, 2006). They took the role of educating the young kids about their values traditions, norms, and culture of their societies. They were also the silent savior of the young children from faltering families. Some parent were irresponsible, and they could not take care of their children needs, the grandmothers in the society took charge of and provided for the needs of the suffering children. They provided for shelter, food, clothing, and education. This aimed at making them feel that they belong to a particular community and society. Finally, the grandmothers acted as a surrogate parent especially when the birth parent is not present; they might be diseased, and the grandparent would help in planning the childrens education program, monitoring their programs and protecting them. The grandmothers in the society faces a myriad of challenges, Thee grandmothers usually have a legal problem which is related to the guardianship such as enrolling the children in the educational institution and accessing medical care for the grandchildren. They might also have the concerns that are related to the custody fights or battles with their grandchildren. Or sometimes to the parents. Another challenge is that the grandparent may have a limited energy in and physical health problems that may make parenting more difficult (Lee Ann Mjelde-Mossey, 2013). More so the grandparent care providers sometimes feel depressed and stressed by the parenting role. Their parent ing might also be faced by custodial grandmothers who need information about the behaviors and discipline especially when the children face problems. To offer effective parenting, the grandmother needs current information about child development and discipline and the childhood problems. The grandmother needs to change from traditional ways of raising the children to modern ways. Another challenge which the grandmother is facing is the financial problem, where the grandmother has difficulties in providing adequate food, housing, and clothing to the kids. It is also tricky for the grandmothers to care giver to manage the children. The parent makes unrealistic promises to the kids where the grandmothers struggle in trying to protect the children. Additionally, it might be very disappointing when seeing the kids failing as their parent. Lastly, the grandmother may be angered by the childrens parent, guilty about their parenting or embarrassment about their familys condition (Park 2005) . In conclusion, the grandmother played a vital role in evolution. They provided food to the families, providing education about the norms and regulation following the culture of the community. They offered advice to the youths and children for then to people of integrity in the future. Besides that, they acted as role model where the children emulated the grandparent to whom in many communities they children were named after. For example, if one of your grandparents was a doctor, then the child named after him was trained to be doctors. The values of culture were asses from one generation to the other. References D. van Bodegom, M. R. L. M. M. K. F. T. J. M. R. W., 2010. When grandmothers matter. Gerontology, Volume 56, pp. 214-256. Gray, P. B., 2013. Evolution and Human Sexual Behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. HAWKES, K., 2003. Grandmothers and the Evolution of Human Longevity. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Volume 15, pp. 360-400. Konner, M., 2010. The Evolution of Childhood: Relationships, Emotion, Mind. Harvard: Harvard University Press. Lee Ann Mjelde-Mossey, I. C., 2013. Women and Aging International: Diversity, Challenges and Contributions. London : Routledge. Meyer, M. H., 2014. Grandmothers at Work: Juggling Families and Jobs. New York: NYU Press. Palmer, D., 2009. Evolution: The Story of Life. California: University of California Press. Park, H.-O., 2005. Grandmothers raising grandchildren: Family well-being and economic assistance. Volume 24, pp. 189-267. Peter C. Kj? ¦rgaard, D. V. A. M., 2006. Human Evolution: Theory and Progress. The Archaeological, Volume 6, pp. 320-432. Robert Boyd, J. B. S., 2014. How Humans Evolved: Seventh Edition. New York: W. W. Norton Company.

Family Dynamics Can Be Composed By Emotional And Health...

Family dynamics can be comprised by emotional, physical and health patterns. A family can have negative and positive emotional, physical and health functionality. The structured links’ navigate the interactions and commonalities between the family members. The connections are based upon a three generational genogram chart. The genogram begins with the grandparents on the father’s side then connects to the mother’s side of the family. The genogram depicts relational patterns structured with emotional, physical and health components. There can be negative and positive emotional patterns within a family structure and process. My father’s family demonstrates an open relationship system which family members have genuine, but not emotional confining attachments. My father and aunt were children of divorce as a children of divorce they can demonstrate a continual pattern of divorce in their adult life. My grandfather’s parenting style reflected his inability to emotional connect with his children. My grandfather’s emotional dysfunction is tied to my aunt’s inability to maintain marital emotional attachments. Therefore, my aunt’s emotional detachments are tied to my cousin’s misbehavior in school and dealing with drugs. My grandparents display undifferentiation that they react emotionally to situations. My father exhibits personality disorder and struggles with inconsistent functionality. When inconsistency in events or situations is overloading my father’s emotions he h andles theShow MoreRelatedA Psychodynamic Therapist May Also Be Willing To Help Steven1458 Words   |  6 PagesA psychodynamic therapist may also be willing to help Steven explore these dynamic, internal forces that have determine the trajectories of his life, thus far, since coming into contact with, or being influenced by, his past experiences. 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Argumentative Essay On Columbine - 1305 Words

The book Columbine by Dave Cullen has been banned for its content about the Columbine School Shooting and the psychology behind the shooting. It was censored from students because of this content that, while being sensitive and triggering to those who are against gun violence or have PTSD from a situation like this, can help spread awareness about school shootings in a world where events such as the Columbine School Shooting are slowly becoming more and more common. This book, having graphic details about the shooting that can upset people who read it, is a book that can be taught, as its merits, literary qualities, and educational value justify it as a book that teachers can use to bring up valuable points in discussion and teach valuable†¦show more content†¦They savagely murder thirteen high school students and staff, and before ending their own lives in the library, injure many more such as Patrick Ireland, who was shot in the head yet somehow, clinging to life, managed to survive and graduate as valedictorian the next year. Cassie Bernall, one of the Columbine students who was murdered by Dylan Klebold, was long regarded as a martyr, yet it was actually another high school student, Columbine survivor Valeen Schnurr, was the one who was actually asked if she believed in God by Dylan. When Valeen said yes, she was shot by Dylan and survived, later telling her story to others. 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Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies Free Essays

Offensive and defensive strategies are by products or results of the corporate strategies. A corporate strategy is a comprehensive set of activities developed by top management to aid an organization achieve its corporate objectives. Involving all parts of an organization, these strategies consider both internal and external environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the name suggests these strategies are aimed at placing the organization in a ‘attack mode’ of sorts. Organizations employing such strategies generally believe in acting before their opponent. Such strategies are usually achieved through internal growth, though some like mergers and acquisition, etc are external. Concentration on a single product or service The firm chooses to specialize in a single product, product line, or service. It plans to do one thing with great effectiveness and efficiency. This specialization allows an organization to do whatever it does extremely well, perhaps even better than other organizations. Used mostly by small organizations, it reduces the amount of resources required and as such is a low risk strategy. However, it ties up all of the firm’s resources on a single product, service, or product line. The firm’s success and growth is dependent entirely on that particular product with nothing to fall back on were that product to fail. Also, coupled with the facts that this strategy limits an organization’s growth and opportunities, it can be considered a high-risk strategy as well. E.g. a company deciding to specialize only in the production and distribution of a particular brand of chocolate will find their chances for growth and profits tied inexorably with the market acceptance of that chocolate. Failure of the product will spell doom for the company. Despite these pitfalls, the concentration strategy has nevertheless borne fruit for organizations like Holiday Inns. Considered one of the largest hotel chains in the world with 1800inns, Holiday Inns have achieved unparalleled success by focusing on the hospitality industry. Put plainly concentric diversification is said to be when a firm originally concentrating on one specific product, service, or product line decides to add related products or services to its already existing retinue. These new products or services are added internally (i.e. it can be a management decision) or may be acquired through acquisitions. A good example is Cadbury. Though initially focusing on biscuits, the company today has an impressive line-up that includes not only biscuits, but also chocolates and ice cream as well. One of the major reasons why companies choose to follow such a strategy is the potential for faster growth, and the lure of establishing a diverse if related product line. This ensures that if one product were to fail, there would still be something to fall back on. Vertical integration occurs when one firm acquires another that is involved either in an earlier stage of the production process (backward integration) or a later stage of the production process (forward integration). The firm that is acquired usually follows the same line of business as that of the parent company. While backward integration will give the firm more control over the quality and quantity of its raw materials, forward integration will ensure that the firm’s products will enjoy a good demand. This occurs when a firm decides to branch out and add products or services that are unrelated to its existing products and services. Conglomerate diversification can occur through acquisitions or it may be based on management decisions. The purpose in employing such a strategy is to increase sales and earnings, spread risks, or in the case of acquisitions simply to make an attractive investment. An example is the heavy vehicles and industrial equipment manufacturer Caterpillar, who have branched out into the production of boots and accessories. A merger involves combining the operations of two companies to form a new and unified organization. Acquisitions on the other hand is the taking over of another firm but allowing the acquired firm to function as a independent division or subsidiary of the acquiring firm. The main aim of this strategy is to achieve growth both in sales and earnings, which it does more quickly than any internal strategies. An accurate example would be the recent merger of carmakers Chrysler and Mercedes Benz. An example of acquisition would be BMW’s takeover of Rolls Royce. Joint venture is when two or more firms combine resources to accomplish a task that an individual firm could not have done alone, or to do a job more efficiently. Considered as a means to implement a strategy rather than a strategy, joint ventures offer a way for organizations to undertake projects and spread any risks as well as operate more efficiently. General Motor’s collaboration with Toyota is an example of a joint venture. Usually adopted by companies, who follow a wait and watch attitude, these strategies nevertheless help an organization achieve a good foothold in the market. Reducing the scope of operations or activities to improve effectiveness and efficiency is retrenchment. Organizations adopting such a strategy generally believe that making the organization more effective and efficient will give it a better chance to return to a higher level of profitability. In some cases a firm may simply cut costs, reduce personnel, etc, but will decide to maintain all its current line of business, whereas, in extreme cases a firm may decide to get rid of certain product lines or services. Divestment is when a firm spins off or sells segments of its operations. The main reasons for such a situation to arise are: a firm may have acquired another firm that either interferes or does not contribute to its current organization mission, a segment may not be functioning satisfactorily enough to justify the resources invested in it, or the segment might be earning a profit but the management decides its resources are better utilized elsewhere. Stopping the decline in a firm’s performance and bringing a return to successful performance involves turnaround. It combines a defensive strategy (retrenchment or divestment) with a growth strategy. The turnaround of Chrysler Corporation in early 1980’s from a failing enterprise to a successful one is a good example. Usually a last resort strategy, it involves selling or disposing of the organization assets. The entire organization or only part of it may be sold. It occurs when turnaround was a failure or may not have been viable. Undertaken mainly to provide the stockholders a return on their investment, it is one of the most unpleasant strategies. The various offensive and defensive strategies are not separate, and are used in complement with one another. Most firms employ a variation or a mixture of the various strategies. The only important factor is deciding which strategy will better suit the conditions presently being faced by the firm. How to cite Critical Analysis of The Business Strategies, Essay examples

Micro-Organism Biology of Mosquitoes - Click to Solution

Question: Discuss about the Micro-Organism for Biology of Mosquitoes. Answer: Micro-organisms are living organism which is too small to be seen by naked eye and is visible under a microscope. It may be unicellular or multi-cellular or in clusters. It is present everywhere on earth and plays a significant role in maintaining the ecosystem. It helps in oxygen production, decomposition of organic material, providing nutrient to plants and marinating health. But some are pathogenic and cause disease in plants and humans. The microorganism is classified into six types according to their specific function. Each type has their own cellular composition, morphology, locomotion and production. The features of different kinds of micro-organisms are as follows: Bacteria: These are a prokaryotic unicellular organism. Its cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan, and they divide by binary fission. According to shapes, it is classified in to four types-bacillus (rod-shaped), coccus (spherical), spirilla (spiral) and Vibrio (curved shape). They locomote using flagella. It is also classified as gram positive and gram negative bacteria due to a difference in cell wall structure and a way the structure stains. According to gaseous exchange, it is divided into anaerobic, aerobic and facultative anaerobes. It is also divided into heterotrophs, autotrophs or saprophytes according to the way they utilize energy. Archaea: One feature that distinguishes archaebacteria from true bacteria is its cell wall structure. It lacks peptidoglycan in their cell wall. They can survive in adverse environmental condition. Based on these characteristics, it is divided into halophiles (living in the saline environment), thermophiles (found in extremely hot temperature), psychrophiles (living in cold-temperature) and methanogens (methane-producing organisms). They utilize different energy sources like hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and sulfur. They use sunlight using bacteriorhodopsin pigments (Madigan et al. 2012). Fungi: Fungi like mushrooms, molds and yeast are eukaryotic organisms. These are multi-cellular, and cell wall is composed of chitin. They may be decomposers absorbing organic material from environment, symbionts having a symbiotic reaction with plants and parasite harming the host. Absorption takes place by hyphae and release of spores. Protozoa: These are unicellular eukaryotes. They obtain nourishment through the specialized structure, and their cell wall is composed of cellulose. They have a whip like flagella, tiny cilia, and pseudopodia for locomotion. There is great diversity in protozoa and different means of nutrition (Lwoff 2014). Algae: Algae or Cyanobacteria may be unicellular or multicellular. They live in a damp environment and obtain nourishment by photosynthesis. Viruses: Virus is non-cellular consisting of DNA or RNA and surrounded by a protein coat. Although they are microgorganism they also behave as the non-living organism. This is because it does not reproduce outside host cells and they cannot metabolize on their own (Hattaf et al., 2012). Some microorganism is beneficial for humans while some may be harmful and cause diseases. Commensal is organism that causes no harm to host cells. The human gut contains a variety of microorganism, but there may be some bacteria in food which has a beneficial effect on health. They are commensal bacteria and have a probiotic effect. They supply the host with necessary nutrients and defend against pathogens (Kamada et al. 2013). Pathogens have a contrasting role from commensals. These are harmful microorganism responsible for the causing major diseases in humans and plants.They invade the host through different pathways and reproduce inside the host to cause different diseases (Ostfeld 2015). Microbes are present everywhere in the environment. They develop the ability to adapt to the different environmental condition. They are transmitted in the environment in various ways for their survival. Disease or infection occurs when microbes are transmitted from one person to another by coughing or sneezing. The microbes travel through the air to other person and causes diseases like common cold, flu and tuberculosis. Close contact with body parts also passes germs from one individual to others. Examples are HIV, which causes AIDS and Neisseria gonorrhea which causes gonorrhea. These microbes move to another person through sexual intercourse. Bacteria also enter the body by touching infectious materials like feces. Rotavirus and Giardia lambia are passed through this way. It may also be transmitted through droplet transmission and contamination of soil and water. Example Pseudomona aeruginosa grows in the warm and moist area (Clements 2012). Microbes gain access to entry and exit of the human body through two ways-by mucosal surface within the body such as respiratory tract, digestive or urinary tract and by epithelial surfaces such as damaged skin due to insect bites or wounds. As they enter the body, they invade and infect the host cell and then escape. Horizontal transmission takes place by body surface or through the blood stream. Vertical transmission occurs by the placenta during birth or by the colostrums. Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms like virus, bacteria, fungi and parasites. The disease does not occur abruptly after entry into the human body. It follows a series of events which lead to the appearance of diseases. This chain consists of pathogens, mode of transmission, route of entry and a susceptible host to infect. The pathogen is the first link in the infection chain. Immune systems in the body also act to fight against the entry of foreign body. The level of exposure that leads to diseases depends on the virulence of microorganism, the resistance of host cell and amount of microorganism entering into the body. Certain groups of people are more vulnerable to infection because of weak immune systems. Example are children, elderly and immune-compromised patients (Nash et al. 2015). The chain of events includes entry of infectious agent into a susceptible host, exit, and transmission to the new host. All the events occur in chronological order for an infection to develop. The first step is colonization when microorganism enters the body, grows and multiplies. Entry occurs through wounds or oral mucosa. Some colonize at the site of entry while many migrate to cause systemic infection in different organs. The disease occurs when the immune system cannot destroy pathogen and pathogens enter the body to cause damage by release of toxins or destructive enzymes. Example-Clostridium tetani release toxins that paralyze muscles. Continuous infection occurs only when the body is not able to fight the pathogen after initial infection. For repeating any infectious cycle in the new host, pathogens have to leave existing reservoir and cause infection in the new host. Route of transmission of infection has already been discussing above. For a disease to occur, organism attache s to the target site, multiply rapidly and obtain nutrients from host cells and survive an immune attack from host cells. This multiplication of microorganisms leads to an appearance of various symptoms in the human body which helps to diagnose diseases. Example Escherichia coli causes cystitis and Clostridium tetani causes tetanus (Anderson 2013). All infection does not lead to disease because of the role of the immune system. The immune system consists of a network of cells, tissues and organs that function together to protect the body against diseases. White blood cells or leucocytes stored in spleen and bone marrow fight aginst antigen entering the body. Phagocytes engulf foreign body, and lymphocytes develop memory after initial infection to give a quick response in case of the second invasion by pathogens. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes destroy the antigens entering into the body. When antigens are detected, it triggers the B lymphocyte to produce antibodies which bind to specific antibodies. This antibody remains in the immune system and gives a speedy response if the particular antigen is encountered again. That is why a person infected with chickenpox does not get the disease again (Parham 2014). This section will discuss logical sequence of symptoms, cause and treatment of malaria. This disease is transmitted by the bite of Anopheles mosquito. This infected mosquito carries the parasite Plasmodium vivax. When a mosquito bites any person, the parasite enters the bloodstream, travels to the liver and matures. After many days, the mature parasites enter and infect red blood cells. These parasites multiplies in the blood cell and burst out. The symptoms develop after 2-4 weeks of infection (Gazzinelli et al. 2014). Common symptoms include shivering, high fever, vomiting, nausea, headache, muscle pain, etc. The disease is confirmed by physical examination which detects enlargement of spleen or liver. The condition can be avoided by taking anti-malarial drugs and using mosquito repellents to prevent mosquito bites. The medicines for malaria are chloroquine, quinine, etc. which are active against the parasites formed in blood. Treatment also depends on the type of infecting parasit e, the area of infection and accompanying illness of the patient (Breman and OMeara 2015). From the whole study, it can be concluded that the essay gave a detailed explanation of the relationship between microorganism and diseases. It gave the feature of common types of bacteria and explained the role of commensal and pathogens. It highlighted the ways microorganisms are transmitted and their route of entry into human body to cause diseases. It discussed the chain of events that lead to the manifestation of disease symptoms starting from entry pint of the pathogen. It also gave an example of cause and treatment of one infectious disease. Reference Anderson, R.M., 2013.The population dynamics of infectious diseases: theory and applications. Springer. Breman, J.G. and OMeara, W.P., 2015. Intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in infants: moving forward cautiously [editorial].Journal of Infectious Diseases,192, pp.1869-1871. Clements, A.N., 2012.The biology of mosquitoes, Volume 3 Transmission of viruses and interactions with bacteria(Vol. 3). Cabi. Gazzinelli, R.T., Kalantari, P., Fitzgerald, K.A. and Golenbock, D.T., 2014. Innate sensing of malaria parasites.Nature Reviews Immunology,14(11), pp.744-757. Hattaf, K., Yousfi, N. and Tridane, A., 2012. Mathematical analysis of a virus dynamics model with general incidence rate and cure rate.Nonlinear Analysis: Real World Applications,13(4), pp.1866-1872. Kamada, N., Chen, G.Y., Inohara, N. and Nez, G., 2013. Control of pathogens and pathobionts by the gut microbiota.Nature immunology,14(7), pp.685-690. Lwoff, A. ed., 2014.Biochemistry and physiology of Protozoa. Elsevier. Madigan, M.T., Martinko, J.M., Stahl, D.A. and Clark, D.P., 2012. Cell structure and function in Bacteria and Archaea.Brock biology of microorganisms, p.49. Nash, A.A., Dalziel, R.G. and Fitzgerald, J.R., 2015.Mims' pathogenesis of infectious disease. Academic Press. Ostfeld, R.S., 2015. Interactions between mammals and pathogens: an introduction.Journal of Mammalogy,96(1), pp.2-3. Parham, P., 2014.The immune system. Garland Science.

I wanna be yours by John Cooper Clarke Essay Example For Students

I wanna be yours by John Cooper Clarke Essay This poem has no deep meaning but only one of deep desire for some-one. It is quite a childish poem as It uses only very simple words, Is ungrammatical and uses childish rhymes. It also does not use grammatically correct words such as wan. It Is very Informal, Like what someone would say In a serenade to a person. This poem has a very strong central message with very little deep meaning. The central message is desire and about the amount of will people can have to love one ND another. This comes across very strongly because not many people would be willing to become household items for Just anyone, they would have to care for that person very deeply. The tone of this poem could go either way. The poem sounds very happy because it has a very strong rhythmic beat, almost like a song. However if read closely seems very sad because the speaker cares for this person so strongly and their love does not seem to feel the same It Is a poem of true desperation. The feeling In this poem stays the same all the way through because It Is a very repetitive poem. This poem makes you think about how loving someone so much that it hurts. The imagery you get when reading this poem is that it is a man speaking as he talks about doing household chores:- Vacuum cleaner. Which you wouldnt be worth writing about if it was a woman talking because the chores dont affect men. The image conjured in my mind when reading this mean is from the sasss:- electric heater. This would not be applicable now because we have central heating and so would not need an electric heater. I personally visualize women with perfect hair Like In Stafford Wives and men with top hats and golf umbrellas singing In the rain (but not using the umbrellas). There is no punctuation in sight in this poem. All the lines start with lower case letters and there are no full-stops or commas to break up the poem. This means the poem should be read quickly like the speaker is trying to rush his feelings out. It also ivies a informal rule-breaking poem. This is shown through out the poem by the slang and the fact that no developed vocabulary is used. This poem is very rhythmic. It has an easily obtained beat and has a cheerful tone even though some of the poem is depressed. There are also a lot of rhyming words which give a stronger beat and more laid back, light hearted approach. The l wan be yours at the end of every verse Is Like a short summary, almost a chorus. At the end there is a plea of someone trapped in a loveless relationship, a plight yours.